NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Economics Chapter 5: Rural Development (NCERT 2026–27)
These Class 11 Economics Chapter 5 solutions cover Rural Development from the NCERT textbook Indian Economic Development, updated for the 2026–27 session. The chapter explains what rural development means and why it is crucial for India’s overall progress, the central role of rural credit (NABARD, SHGs, micro-credit and Jan-Dhan Yojana) and agricultural marketing, the need for agricultural diversification into allied and non-farm activities, and the importance of organic farming for sustainable development. Below you get answers to all 18 NCERT exercise questions, key terms, extra practice, MCQs, Assertion–Reason questions and FAQs.
Chapter 5, Rural Development, examines how the development of rural areas — where more than two-thirds of India’s population depends on agriculture — is central to the nation’s real progress. Rural development is a comprehensive process aimed at the upliftment of areas lagging behind, requiring better human resources, land reforms, infrastructure and poverty alleviation. The chapter analyses the rural credit system (the shift from moneylenders to social banking, NABARD as an apex body, cooperatives, RRBs, commercial banks, Self-Help Groups and micro-credit, and the Jan-Dhan Yojana), critically appraises rural banking after reforms, and studies the agricultural marketing system with its four government measures (regulation of markets, infrastructure, cooperative marketing, and policy instruments like MSP, buffer stocks and PDS) and emerging alternate channels. It then explains diversification into allied activities — animal husbandry, fisheries and horticulture — and non-farm employment, and finally the role of organic farming in achieving sustainable development.
Key Terms & Concepts
Rural development: a comprehensive plan of action for the all-round development of rural areas that are lagging behind in socio-economic development, covering human resources, land reforms, infrastructure, productivity and poverty alleviation.
Rural credit: finance infused into the rural economy to meet farmers’ investment needs; because the gestation period between sowing and income is long, farmers borrow for seeds, fertilisers, implements and family expenses.
NABARD: the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, set up in 1982 as the apex body to coordinate all institutions involved in rural financing.
Multi-agency approach: the institutional structure of rural banking made up of commercial banks, regional rural banks (RRBs), cooperatives and land development banks, adopted after the social banking initiative of 1969.
Self-Help Groups (SHGs): small groups that promote thrift through minimum contributions from members; from the pooled money, credit is given to needy members repayable in small instalments at reasonable interest — called micro-credit programmes.
Micro-credit: the provision of small amounts of credit to the poor (largely through SHGs) without the collateral that formal banks demand, helping bring poor households into the credit network and empowering women.
Jan-Dhan Yojana: a financial inclusion scheme encouraging all adults to open bank accounts with benefits such as accidental insurance, overdraft facility and direct transfer of government wages and pensions.
Agricultural marketing: the process of assembling, storage, processing, transportation, packaging, grading and distribution of agricultural commodities across the country.
Minimum Support Price (MSP): a guaranteed price assured by the government for agricultural products to protect farmers’ income against a sharp fall in prices.
Buffer stock & PDS: stocks of wheat and rice maintained by the Food Corporation of India, distributed (along with sugar) through the Public Distribution System at subsidised rates to the poor.
Agricultural diversification: two aspects — a change in cropping pattern, and a shift of the workforce from agriculture to allied activities (livestock, poultry, fisheries) and the non-farm sector — to reduce risk and provide sustainable livelihoods.
Golden Revolution: the rapid growth of horticulture (fruits, vegetables, flowers, etc.), as against the Green Revolution which refers to the rapid growth of foodgrain production through HYV seeds.
Operation Flood: the system through which farmers pool their milk according to grading, which is processed and marketed to urban centres through cooperatives, assuring farmers a fair price; it made Gujarat a success story in dairy.
Organic farming: a whole system of farming that restores, maintains and enhances ecological balance by substituting costly chemical inputs with cheaper, locally produced organic inputs — key to sustainable development.
NCERT Exercise — Full Solutions
All questions below are reproduced verbatim from the NCERT textbook’s end-of-chapter Exercises. Answers are original, written in exam-ready style.
1. What do you mean by rural development? Bring out the key issues in rural development.
ANSWERMeaning: Rural development is a comprehensive term that essentially means a plan of action for the development of rural areas that are lagging behind in the overall development of the village economy. It focuses on raising the standard of living of rural people through productive employment, better infrastructure and poverty alleviation.Key issues that need fresh initiatives:(i) Development of human resources — including literacy (especially female literacy), education and skill development, and health (covering both sanitation and public health).(ii) Land reforms.(iii) Development of the productive resources of each locality.(iv) Infrastructure development — electricity, irrigation, credit, marketing and transport facilities, including construction of village and feeder roads, agricultural research and extension, and information dissemination.(v) Special measures for poverty alleviation and improving the living conditions of the weaker sections, emphasising access to productive employment opportunities.
2. Discuss the importance of credit in rural development.
ANSWERCredit is vital for rural development because the growth of the rural economy depends primarily on the infusion of capital from time to time to realise higher productivity in both agriculture and the non-agriculture sectors.Since the gestation period between crop sowing and the realisation of income after production is quite long, farmers need to borrow to meet their initial investment on seeds, fertilisers, implements and also for family expenses such as marriage, death and religious ceremonies.Adequate and timely credit at cheaper rates frees farmers from exploitative moneylenders and debt-traps, enables them to adopt modern inputs (as the Green Revolution required production-oriented lending), and promotes farm and non-farm output, income and employment. Hence a well-functioning rural credit system is essential for breaking the cycle of poverty and sustaining rural growth.
3. Explain the role of micro-credit in meeting credit requirements of the poor.
ANSWERMicro-credit, delivered mainly through Self-Help Groups (SHGs), has emerged to fill the gap left by the formal credit system, which proved inadequate and required collateral that kept a vast proportion of poor rural households out of the credit network.SHGs promote thrift in small proportions through a minimum contribution from each member. From this pooled money, credit is given to needy members, repayable in small instalments at reasonable interest rates — without demanding collateral.By May 2019, nearly 6 crore women had become members of about 54 lakh women SHGs. Such programmes have helped in the empowerment of women and in income generation. The main criticism is that borrowings are often confined to consumption purposes rather than productive activities, but micro-credit nonetheless brings the poor into the formal financial fold.
4. Explain the steps taken by the government in developing rural markets.
ANSWERThe government initiated four major measures to improve agricultural marketing:(i) Regulation of markets — to create orderly and transparent marketing conditions. This benefited both farmers and consumers, though about 27,000 rural periodic markets still need to be developed as regulated market places.(ii) Provision of physical infrastructure — roads, railways, warehouses, godowns, cold storages and processing units; current facilities remain inadequate for the growing demand.(iii) Cooperative marketing — to realise fair prices for farmers’ produce; the success of milk cooperatives in Gujarat testifies to its potential, though cooperatives have lately suffered from inadequate coverage and weak financial management.(iv) Policy instruments — (a) assurance of Minimum Support Prices (MSP) for agricultural products, (b) maintenance of buffer stocks of wheat and rice by the Food Corporation of India, and (c) distribution of foodgrains and sugar through the Public Distribution System (PDS), all aimed at protecting farmers’ income and providing food at subsidised rates to the poor.
5. Why is agricultural diversification essential for sustainable livelihoods?
ANSWERAgricultural diversification is essential because depending exclusively on farming for livelihood carries great risk. Diversification reduces this risk and provides productive, sustainable livelihood options to rural people.Much agricultural employment is concentrated in the Kharif season; during the Rabi season, in areas with inadequate irrigation, it becomes difficult to find gainful employment. Expansion into other sectors provides supplementary employment throughout the year.By shifting workers towards allied activities (livestock, poultry, fisheries) and non-farm sectors (agro-processing, food processing, tourism, etc.), diversification raises and stabilises rural incomes, eases the overcrowding in agriculture, and helps overcome poverty — making rural livelihoods more secure and sustainable.
6. Critically evaluate the role of the rural banking system in the process of rural development in India.
ANSWERPositive role: The rapid expansion of the banking system after the social banking initiative of 1969 and the setting up of NABARD (1982) had a positive effect on rural farm and non-farm output, income and employment, especially after the Green Revolution. Banks helped farmers avail credit and a variety of loans for production needs; famines became events of the past, and India achieved food security reflected in abundant buffer stocks of grains.Critical appraisal — weaknesses: With the possible exception of commercial banks, other formal institutions failed to develop a culture of deposit mobilisation, lending to worthwhile borrowers and effective loan recovery. Loan default rates have been chronically high. The expansion of rural banking took a backseat after the 1991 reforms.Conclusion: While rural banking has been crucial to rural development, it needs reform — better recovery, wider reach to the poor, and financial inclusion measures such as the Jan-Dhan Yojana — to fully serve rural India.
7. What do you mean by agricultural marketing?
ANSWERAgricultural marketing is a process that involves the assembling, storage, processing, transportation, packaging, grading and distribution of different agricultural commodities across the country.It is the mechanism through which goods such as foodgrains, vegetables and fruits reach different places from where they are produced, depending on the available market channels. An efficient marketing system ensures fair prices to farmers and a steady supply of produce to consumers.
8. Mention some obstacles that hinder the mechanism of agricultural marketing.
ANSWERSome major obstacles are:(i) Faulty weighing and manipulation of accounts by traders, which cheat the farmers.(ii) Lack of market information — farmers who did not know the prices prevailing in markets were often forced to sell at low prices.(iii) Inadequate storage facilities — without proper storage, farmers cannot hold back produce to sell later at a better price; even today more than 10 per cent of farm produce is wasted due to lack of storage.(iv) Dominance of private traders — moneylenders, rural political elites, big merchants and rich farmers predominate the markets and exploit farmers.(v) Inadequate infrastructure — insufficient roads, railways, godowns and processing units.
9. What are the alternative channels available for agricultural marketing? Give some examples.
ANSWERIt has been realised that when farmers sell their produce directly to consumers, it increases their incomes. Such emerging alternate marketing channels include:• Apni Mandi — Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan.• Hadaspar Mandi — Pune.• Rythu Bazars — vegetable and fruit markets in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.• Uzhavar Sandies — farmers’ markets in Tamil Nadu.In addition, several national and multinational fast-food chains enter into contracts/alliances with farmers, encouraging them to cultivate products of desired quality by providing seeds and inputs and assuring procurement at pre-decided prices, which helps reduce price risks and expand markets.
10. Distinguish between ‘Green Revolution’ and ‘Golden Revolution’.
ANSWER
Basis
Green Revolution
Golden Revolution
Meaning
The large increase in production of foodgrains resulting from the use of high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds.
The rapid growth in the production of horticulture (fruits, vegetables, flowers, etc.).
Relates to
Mainly wheat and rice (foodgrains).
Horticulture crops — fruits, vegetables, tuber crops, flowers, spices, etc.
Key inputs
HYV seeds, chemical fertilisers, irrigation and pesticides.
Diverse climate and soil, improved technology, tissue culture and processing.
Outcome
Made India self-sufficient in foodgrains and ensured food security.
Made India a world leader in mangoes, bananas, coconuts and the second-largest producer of fruits and vegetables.
11. Do you think various measures taken by the government to improve agricultural marketing are sufficient? Discuss.
ANSWERNo, the measures taken so far are not fully sufficient, though they have brought significant improvement. Agricultural marketing has come a long way with regulation of markets, infrastructure, cooperative marketing and policy instruments like MSP, buffer stocks and PDS.However, several gaps remain: about 27,000 rural periodic markets still need to be developed as regulated markets; physical infrastructure such as roads, warehouses and cold storages is still inadequate; cooperatives have suffered setbacks due to inadequate coverage and poor financial management; and despite intervention, private trade still predominates agricultural markets.Therefore, continued government intervention is needed — expanding regulated markets, improving infrastructure and strengthening cooperatives — especially because a large share of agricultural produce is still handled by the private sector. The measures are a good beginning but require further strengthening.
12. Explain the role of non-farm employment in promoting rural diversification.
ANSWERSince agriculture is already overcrowded, a major proportion of the increasing labour force needs to find alternate employment in non-farm sectors. Non-farm employment is therefore central to rural diversification.The non-farm economy has several segments. Some have dynamic linkages that permit healthy growth — agro-processing industries, food-processing industries, the leather industry and tourism. Others have potential but lack infrastructure — traditional home-based industries like pottery, crafts and handlooms.By absorbing surplus labour, non-farm employment provides supplementary and gainful work (especially in the lean Rabi season), raises and stabilises rural incomes, reduces dependence on the monsoon, and offers women new opportunities beyond farm work — thus making rural livelihoods more diversified and secure.
13. Bring out the importance of animal husbandry, fisheries and horticulture as a source of diversification.
ANSWERAnimal Husbandry: Under the mixed crop-livestock farming system, livestock provides increased stability in income, food security, transport, fuel and nutrition without disrupting crop production. It offers alternate livelihood to over 70 million small and marginal farmers and landless labourers, and employment to many women. The success of dairying (Operation Flood, the Gujarat milk cooperatives) shows its potential.Fisheries: Water bodies — seas, rivers, lakes and ponds — are a life-giving source for the fishing community. Inland sources contribute about 75 per cent and the marine sector about 25 per cent of the total value of fish production, and fisheries account for about 1.5 per cent of GDP, providing livelihood especially to the poor.Horticulture: Blessed with varied climate and soils, India grows diverse horticultural crops — fruits, vegetables, flowers, spices and plantation crops. The sector contributes nearly one-third of the value of agriculture output and about six per cent of GDP, has made India a world leader in several fruits, and offers remunerative employment, especially to women, through flower harvesting, nursery work, tissue culture and food processing.
14. ‘Information technology plays a very significant role in achieving sustainable development and food security’ — comment.
ANSWERThere is broad consensus that Information Technology (IT) can play a critical role in achieving sustainable development and food security in the twenty-first century.Governments can predict areas of food insecurity and vulnerability using appropriate information and software tools, so that action can be taken to prevent or reduce the likelihood of an emergency.IT also benefits agriculture by disseminating information about emerging technologies, prices, weather and soil conditions for growing different crops. Although IT by itself is no catalyst of change, it acts as a tool for releasing the creative potential and knowledge embedded in society, and it has the potential of employment generation in rural areas. Hence IT is a significant enabler of sustainable rural development.
15. What is organic farming and how does it promote sustainable development?
ANSWERMeaning: Organic farming is a whole system of farming that restores, maintains and enhances the ecological balance. It substitutes costlier agricultural inputs (such as HYV seeds, chemical fertilisers and pesticides) with locally produced organic inputs that are cheaper.How it promotes sustainable development: (i) It avoids chemical fertilisers and toxic pesticides that pollute water, harm livestock, deplete the soil and devastate ecosystems. (ii) It uses eco-friendly, locally produced inputs that generate good returns on investment. (iii) The produce is pesticide-free, has more nutritional value and is grown in an environmentally sustainable way. (iv) Being more labour-intensive, it generates rural employment, and rising demand creates income through exports. Thus organic farming sustains the long-term health of soil, water and people.
16. Identify the benefits and limitations of organic farming.
ANSWERBenefits:(i) It substitutes costly inputs with cheaper locally produced organic inputs, giving good returns on investment.(ii) It generates income through exports, as demand for organically grown crops is rising.(iii) Organically grown food has more nutritional value and provides healthier, pesticide-free food.(iv) Being more labour-intensive, it generates more employment, which suits India.(v) It is environmentally sustainable and conserves the soil.Limitations:(i) Yields are lower than modern chemical farming, especially in the initial years, so small and marginal farmers may find it hard to adapt to large-scale production.(ii) Inadequate infrastructure and problems in marketing the products.(iii) Organic produce may have more blemishes and a shorter shelf life than sprayed produce.(iv) The choice in production of off-season crops is quite limited in organic farming.
17. Enlist some problems faced by farmers during the initial years of organic farming.
ANSWERDuring the initial years of organic farming, farmers face the following problems:(i) The yields are lower than those from modern agricultural farming, which discourages small and marginal farmers from adopting large-scale production.(ii) There is inadequate infrastructure and a serious problem of marketing the organic produce.(iii) Organic produce may have more blemishes and a shorter shelf life than chemically sprayed produce.(iv) The choice in production of off-season crops is quite limited.(v) There is a lack of awareness and willingness among farmers and an absence of a supportive agriculture policy to popularise organic farming.
18. “Jan-Dhan-Yojna helps in the rural development.” Do you agree with this statement? Explain.
ANSWERYes, the Jan-Dhan Yojana helps in rural development by promoting financial inclusion. To improve the rural banking situation, all adults are encouraged to open bank accounts under this scheme.Its benefits support rural people directly: account holders can get accidental insurance coverage of Rs. 1–2 lakh, an overdraft facility of Rs. 10,000, and their wages for government-related jobs and works under MNREGA (now VB-GRAM); old-age pensions and other social security payments are also transferred to these accounts, with no need to keep a minimum balance.As a result, more than 50 crore people have opened accounts, banks have mobilised over Rs. 2,00,000 crore, and the scheme has promoted the habit of thrift and efficient allocation of financial resources, particularly in rural areas. Hence the scheme genuinely contributes to rural development.
Extra Practice Questions
Short Answer Type Questions
Q1. What is NABARD and when was it set up?
ANSWERNABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development) was set up in 1982 as an apex body to coordinate the activities of all institutions involved in the rural financing system, such as commercial banks, RRBs, cooperatives and land development banks.
Q2. What is meant by ‘Operation Flood’?
ANSWEROperation Flood is a system whereby all farmers pool their milk produced according to different grading (based on quality), which is then processed and marketed to urban centres through cooperatives. It assures farmers a fair price and made Gujarat a success story in dairying.
Q3. Define agricultural diversification.
ANSWERAgricultural diversification includes two aspects: a change in the cropping pattern, and a shift of the workforce from agriculture to allied activities (livestock, poultry, fisheries) and the non-agriculture sector. It is needed to reduce the risk of depending only on farming.
Q4. What is micro-credit?
ANSWERMicro-credit refers to the provision of small amounts of credit to the rural poor, mainly through Self-Help Groups, which pool members’ thrift and lend to needy members in small instalments at reasonable interest rates without demanding collateral.
Q5. Name any two emerging alternate marketing channels in India.
ANSWERTwo emerging alternate marketing channels are Apni Mandi (Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan) and Rythu Bazars (vegetable and fruit markets in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana). They allow farmers to sell directly to consumers, raising their incomes.
Long Answer Type Questions
Q1. Trace the evolution of the rural credit system in India after independence.
ANSWERAt independence, moneylenders and traders exploited small and marginal farmers and landless labourers by lending at high interest rates and manipulating accounts to keep them in a debt-trap. A major change occurred after 1969 when India adopted social banking and a multi-agency approach to meet rural credit needs. In 1982, NABARD was set up as the apex body to coordinate all rural financing institutions. The Green Revolution diversified rural credit towards production-oriented lending. The institutional structure today comprises commercial banks, regional rural banks (RRBs), cooperatives and land development banks. To bridge the gap left by formal credit, Self-Help Groups and micro-credit emerged, and financial inclusion was deepened through the Jan-Dhan Yojana. Thus rural credit evolved from exploitative informal sources to a multi-agency formal system with a growing focus on the poor.
Q2. Explain the four measures initiated by the government to improve agricultural marketing.
ANSWERThe first measure was regulation of markets to create orderly and transparent conditions, benefiting both farmers and consumers, though about 27,000 rural periodic markets still need to be regulated. The second was the provision of physical infrastructure — roads, railways, warehouses, godowns, cold storages and processing units — which is still inadequate. The third was cooperative marketing to secure fair prices, exemplified by the success of milk cooperatives in Gujarat, although cooperatives recently weakened due to limited coverage and poor financial management. The fourth was the use of policy instruments: (i) assurance of Minimum Support Prices (MSP), (ii) maintenance of buffer stocks of wheat and rice by the Food Corporation of India, and (iii) distribution of foodgrains and sugar through the PDS — all aimed at protecting farmers’ income and providing subsidised food to the poor.
Q3. Discuss how diversification into allied activities and the non-farm sector can sustain rural livelihoods.
ANSWERDepending only on crop farming is risky because much agricultural work is concentrated in the Kharif season and irrigation is often inadequate during the Rabi season. Diversification spreads this risk and provides year-round, sustainable livelihoods. Allied activities such as animal husbandry give income stability and nutrition, supporting over 70 million small farmers and landless labourers; fisheries provide livelihood especially to the poor and contribute about 1.5 per cent of GDP; and horticulture contributes nearly one-third of agriculture output value and offers remunerative work, particularly to women. The non-farm sector — agro-processing, food processing, leather, tourism and traditional crafts — absorbs the surplus labour from overcrowded agriculture. Together they raise and stabilise incomes, generate employment, empower women, and reduce dependence on the monsoon, thereby sustaining rural livelihoods and helping overcome poverty.
MCQs & Assertion–Reason
1. NABARD was set up as an apex rural financing body in the year:
(a) 1969 (b) 1982 (c) 1991 (d) 2014
2. Which of the following emerged to fill the gap in the formal credit system for the poor?
(a) Land development banks (b) Commercial banks (c) Self-Help Groups (SHGs) (d) Moneylenders
3. The rapid growth in the production of horticulture is known as the:
(a) Green Revolution (b) White Revolution (c) Golden Revolution (d) Blue Revolution
4. Which institution maintains buffer stocks of wheat and rice?
(a) NABARD (b) Food Corporation of India (c) RBI (d) SEBI
5. ‘Rythu Bazars’ are vegetable and fruit markets located in:
(a) Punjab and Haryana (b) Andhra Pradesh and Telangana (c) Tamil Nadu (d) Maharashtra
6. India adopted social banking and a multi-agency approach to rural credit after:
(a) 1947 (b) 1969 (c) 1982 (d) 1991
7. Which of the following is an allied activity of agriculture?
(a) Leather industry (b) Tourism (c) Animal husbandry (d) Handlooms
8. Inland sources contribute about what share of the total value of fish production in India?
(a) 25 per cent (b) 50 per cent (c) 61 per cent (d) 75 per cent
9. Which type of farming substitutes chemical inputs with locally produced organic inputs?
For each Assertion–Reason question, choose: (A) Both true and the Reason correctly explains the Assertion; (B) Both true but the Reason is not the correct explanation; (C) Assertion true, Reason false; (D) Assertion false, Reason true.
A-R 1. Assertion: Farmers need credit to carry out agricultural production.
Reason: The gestation period between crop sowing and the realisation of income is quite long.
A-R 2. Assertion: Self-Help Groups provide credit without demanding collateral.
Reason: SHGs pool thrift from members and lend to needy members in small instalments at reasonable interest rates.
A-R 3. Assertion: Agricultural diversification is necessary for sustainable livelihoods.
Reason: Depending exclusively on farming carries greater risk and provides employment mainly in the Kharif season.
A-R 4. Assertion: Organic farming always gives higher yields than chemical farming.
Reason: Organic farming substitutes costly chemical inputs with cheaper locally produced organic inputs.
A-R 5. Assertion: The Jan-Dhan Yojana helps in rural development.
Reason: It promotes financial inclusion by encouraging adults to open bank accounts with insurance and overdraft benefits.
Answer key: 1-(A), 2-(A), 3-(A), 4-(D), 5-(A).
Exam Tips & Common Mistakes
How to score full marks in this chapter
Memorise the four government measures for agricultural marketing and the policy instruments (MSP, buffer stocks, PDS) — they appear frequently. Keep ready the clear distinction between the Green Revolution and the Golden Revolution, and link diversification to the Kharif/Rabi seasonal argument. For credit questions, structure answers around the journey from moneylenders → social banking (1969) → NABARD (1982) → SHGs/micro-credit → Jan-Dhan Yojana. Use the textbook’s own facts and examples — NABARD, Operation Flood, Gujarat milk cooperatives, Apni Mandi, Rythu Bazars, Uzhavar Sandies — to show command of the chapter.
Common mistakes to avoid
Confusing the Green Revolution (foodgrains) with the Golden Revolution (horticulture).
Saying organic farming gives higher yields — in the initial years its yields are lower than chemical farming.
Forgetting that NABARD was set up in 1982, while social banking began after 1969.
Listing only two government marketing measures — remember there are four.
Treating SHG micro-credit as a formal bank loan — it is collateral-free and based on members’ thrift.
Ignoring the critical side in “critically evaluate” questions — mention high loan defaults and weak recovery too.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is Chapter 5 of Class 11 Economics (Indian Economic Development) about?
Chapter 5, Rural Development, explains what rural development means and why it is crucial for India, the role of rural credit (NABARD, SHGs, micro-credit, Jan-Dhan Yojana), agricultural marketing and its four government measures, agricultural diversification into allied and non-farm activities, and organic farming for sustainable development.
What is the difference between the Green Revolution and the Golden Revolution?
The Green Revolution refers to the rapid growth of foodgrain production using high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, mainly wheat and rice. The Golden Revolution refers to the rapid growth of horticulture — fruits, vegetables, flowers and spices — that made India a world leader in several fruits.
How many exercise questions are there in Chapter 5 Rural Development?
The end-of-chapter Exercises in Indian Economic Development Chapter 5 contain 18 numbered questions, all reproduced verbatim and answered step by step on this page.
