NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 11: Consumer Protection (NCERT 2026–27)
These Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 11 solutions cover Consumer Protection from the NCERT textbook Business Studies, Part II, updated for the 2026–27 session. The chapter explains why consumer protection matters for both consumers and business, the key features of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, the six consumer rights and their corresponding responsibilities, the various ways and means of protecting consumers, the three-tier redressal machinery (District, State and National Commissions), the reliefs available, and the role of consumer organisations and NGOs. Below you get answers to every NCERT exercise question — Very Short, Short and Long Answer Type — written in CBSE exam-ready style, plus key terms, extra practice, MCQs, Assertion–Reason and FAQs.
Class: 12Subject: Business StudiesBook: Business Studies, Part IIChapter: 11Chapter Name: Consumer ProtectionSession: 2026–27
Chapter 11, Consumer Protection, looks at the need to safeguard consumers from unfair, restrictive and exploitative trade practices such as adulteration, false advertising, hoarding, black-marketing and overcharging. The market has moved from caveat emptor (“let the buyer beware”) towards caveat venditor (“let the seller beware”), and the consumer is now treated as a king in a free-market economy. The chapter explains why consumer protection is important from both the consumers’ and the business’s point of view, introduces the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 (which replaced the 1986 Act and set up the Central Consumer Protection Authority), and defines who a consumer is. It then details the six rights of consumers, their responsibilities, the various ways and means of consumer protection (self-regulation, business associations, consumer awareness, consumer organisations and Government), the three-tier redressal machinery at District, State and National levels with their pecuniary jurisdictions and appeal periods, the reliefs available, and the active role played by consumer organisations and NGOs.
Key Concepts & Terms
Consumer protection: safeguarding the interests of consumers against unethical and unfair malpractices of businesses and providing swift redressal of their grievances.
Caveat emptor & caveat venditor: the earlier seller-market principle was caveat emptor — “let the buyer beware”; the modern consumer-market principle is caveat venditor — “let the seller beware”.
Consumer (under CPA 2019): a person who buys any goods or avails any service for a consideration that has been paid or promised, or partly paid and partly promised, or under any deferred-payment scheme. It includes any user/beneficiary using the goods or service with the buyer’s approval, and covers both offline and online transactions. A person who obtains goods or services for resale or commercial purpose is not a consumer.
Six consumer rights: Right to Safety, Right to be Informed, Right to be Assured (Right to Choose), Right to be Heard, Right to Seek Redressal, and Right to Consumer Education.
Complaint & complainant: a complaint is any written allegation seeking relief regarding a restrictive trade practice, defect in goods, deficiency in service, overcharging, or unsafe goods/services. A complainant may be a consumer, a voluntary consumer association, the central or state government, the central authority, a legal heir/representative, or a parent/representative of a minor.
Defect vs deficiency: a defect is a fault/imperfection in the quality, nature or performance of goods/products; a deficiency is a fault/imperfection or negligence in the quality, nature or performance of any service.
Unfair & restrictive trade practice: an unfair trade practice falsely represents the quality, standard, quantity or model of goods/services to promote their sale; a restrictive trade practice manipulates price or supply so an unjustified cost is imposed on the consumer.
Product liability: the responsibility of a product manufacturer or seller (of a product or service) to compensate for any harm caused to a consumer by a defective product or deficient service.
Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA): the central authority set up under the Act to regulate matters relating to violation of consumer rights, unfair trade practices and false or misleading advertisements.
Three-tier redressal machinery: District Commission (consideration up to ₹50 lakh), State Commission (above ₹50 lakh up to ₹2 crore) and National Commission (above ₹2 crore).
Quality certification marks: ISI mark (Bureau of Indian Standards) for industrial/electrical goods, Agmark for agricultural products, FPO mark for processed-food products, Hallmark for jewellery, and the Eco-mark for environment-friendly products.
NCERT Exercises — Full Solutions
All questions below are reproduced verbatim from the NCERT textbook’s end-of-chapter Exercises. Answers are original, written in exam-ready style.
Very Short Answer Type
1. Under which consumer right does a business firm set up consumer grievance cell?
ANSWERA business firm sets up a consumer grievance (service) cell under the Right to be Heard. This right gives the consumer the freedom to file a complaint and to be heard in case of dissatisfaction with a good or a service, so many enlightened firms set up their own consumer-service and grievance cells to address such complaints.
2. Which quality certification mark is used for agricultural products?
ANSWERThe Agmark certification mark is used for agricultural products. (For comparison, ISI is for electrical/industrial goods, FPO mark for processed food and Hallmark for jewellery.)
3. What is the jurisdiction of cases that can be filed in a State Commission?
ANSWERA State Commission has the jurisdiction to entertain complaints where the value of the goods or services paid as consideration exceeds ₹50 lakh but does not exceed ₹2 crore. A party not satisfied with its order can appeal to the National Commission within thirty days.
4. State any two relief available to consumers under CPA.
ANSWERTwo reliefs available to consumers under the Consumer Protection Act are: (i) to remove the defect in the goods or the deficiency in the service; and (ii) to replace the defective product with a new one that is free from any defect. (Other reliefs include refund of the price paid and payment of reasonable compensation for loss or injury.)
5. Name the component of product mix that helps the consumer to exercise the right to information.
ANSWERThe component of the product mix that helps a consumer exercise the Right to be Informed is the label/labelling and packaging of the product. The label provides complete information such as ingredients, date of manufacture, price, quantity and directions for use, enabling an informed purchase decision.
Short Answer Type
1. Enumerate the various Acts passed by the Government of India which help in protection of consumers’ interests.
ANSWERThe Indian legal framework includes several Acts that protect consumers’ interests:(i) The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 (which replaced the 1986 Act);(ii) The Indian Contract Act, 1872;(iii) The Sale of Goods Act, 1930;(iv) The Essential Commodities Act, 1955;(v) The Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marking) Act, 1937;(vi) The Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954;(vii) The Standards of Weights and Measures Act, 1976;(viii) The Trade Marks Act, 1999;(ix) The Competition Act, 2002; and(x) The Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986. Together these legislations protect consumers from unfair and exploitative practices.
2. What are the responsibilities of a consumer?
ANSWERWhile purchasing, using and consuming goods and services, a consumer should keep the following responsibilities in mind:(i) Be aware of the various goods and services available so that a wise choice can be made; (ii) buy only standardised goods bearing marks such as ISI, FPO or Hallmark; (iii) learn about the risks associated with products, follow the manufacturer’s instructions and use products safely; (iv) read labels carefully for price, net weight and manufacturing/expiry dates;(v) assert yourself to get a fair deal; (vi) be honest in dealings and choose only legal goods and services, discouraging black-marketing and hoarding; (vii) ask for a cash memo as proof of purchase; (viii) file a complaint in the appropriate consumer forum for any shortcoming, even when the amount is small; (ix) form consumer societies to educate consumers and protect their interests; and (x) respect the environment by avoiding waste, littering and pollution.
3. Who can file a complaint in a consumer court?
ANSWERA complaint in a consumer court (complainant) can be filed by:(i) one or more consumers; (ii) any voluntary consumer association; (iii) the central or state government; (iv) the central authority (CCPA); (v) a legal heir or legal representative of a deceased consumer; and (vi) a parent or legal guardian in case the consumer is a minor.
4. FSSAI (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India) has made a proposal for hotels and other food outlets to declare the kind of oil/fat used in cooking each of the food items on their menus. Name and explain the Consumer Right being reinforced by this proposal.
ANSWERThe consumer right being reinforced here is the Right to be Informed.This right means that a consumer has the right to have complete information about the product they intend to buy, including its ingredients, date of manufacture, price, quantity and directions for use. By requiring hotels and food outlets to declare the kind of oil or fat used in cooking each food item, FSSAI ensures that consumers receive accurate information about what they are eating, enabling them to make an informed and health-conscious choice. This directly reinforces the Right to be Informed.
5. Who is a consumer as per CPA?
ANSWERUnder the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, a consumer is a person who buys any goods or avails any service for a consideration that has been paid or promised, or partly paid and partly promised, or under any scheme of deferred payment. It also includes any user of such goods or beneficiary of such services when used with the approval of the buyer, and applies to both offline and online transactions (electronic means, teleshopping, direct selling, multilevel marketing). However, a person who obtains goods or avails services for resale or any commercial purpose is not treated as a consumer.
Long Answer Type
1. Explain the importance of consumer protection from the point of view of a business.
ANSWERFrom a business’s point of view, consumer protection is important for the following reasons:(i) Long-term interest of business: enlightened businesses realise that satisfying customers is in their long-term interest. Satisfied customers lead to repeat sales and give good feedback to prospective customers, increasing the customer base; firms should therefore aim at long-term profit maximisation through customer satisfaction.(ii) Business uses society’s resources: businesses use resources that belong to society. They therefore have a responsibility to supply products and render services that are in the public interest and do not impair public confidence in them.(iii) Social responsibility: a business has social responsibilities towards various interest groups. Consumers are an important group of stakeholders, and like other stakeholders, their interests must be well taken care of.(iv) Moral justification: it is the moral duty of any business to take care of the consumer’s interest and avoid any form of exploitation, such as defective and unsafe products, adulteration, false advertising, hoarding and black-marketing.(v) Government intervention: a business engaging in exploitative trade practices invites government intervention or action, which can tarnish the company’s image. It is therefore advisable for businesses to voluntarily adopt practices that protect consumers’ interests.
2. Explain the rights and responsibilities of consumer?
ANSWERThe Consumer Protection Act, 2019 provides for six rights of consumers:(i) Right to Safety: the consumer has a right to be protected against goods and services that are hazardous to life, health and property — for example, using ISI-marked electrical appliances.(ii) Right to be Informed: the consumer has a right to complete information about a product — ingredients, date of manufacture, price, quantity and directions for use — provided on the package and label.(iii) Right to be Assured (Right to Choose): the consumer has the freedom to access a variety of products at competitive prices, so marketers should offer a wide variety in terms of quality, brand, price and size.(iv) Right to be Heard: the consumer has a right to file a complaint and be heard in case of dissatisfaction; firms set up grievance cells and consumer organisations help in redressal.(v) Right to Seek Redressal: the consumer has a right to get relief against unfair/restrictive trade practices or exploitation — including replacement of the product, removal of defect or compensation for loss or injury.(vi) Right to Consumer Education: the consumer has a right to acquire knowledge and be a well-informed consumer throughout life, aware of rights and reliefs available.Responsibilities: a consumer should (i) be aware of available goods and services; (ii) buy only standardised goods (ISI/FPO/Hallmark); (iii) learn about product risks and follow instructions; (iv) read labels carefully; (v) assert for a fair deal; (vi) be honest and choose legal goods; (vii) ask for a cash memo; (viii) file a complaint in the appropriate forum even for small amounts; (ix) form consumer societies; and (x) respect the environment by avoiding waste and pollution.
3. What are various ways in which the objective of consumer protection can be achieved?
ANSWERThe objective of consumer protection can be achieved in the following ways and means:(i) Self-regulation by Business: socially responsible firms follow ethical standards and practices in dealing with customers, realising that serving customers well is in their long-term interest. Many firms set up customer-service and grievance cells.(ii) Business Associations: associations of trade and commerce such as FICCI (Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry) and CII (Confederation of Indian Industries) lay down codes of conduct that guide members in their dealings with customers.(iii) Consumer Awareness: a well-informed consumer who knows their rights and reliefs can raise a voice against unfair trade practices, so consumers must understand both their rights and responsibilities. The Government runs the Jago Grahak Jago campaign for this purpose.(iv) Consumer Organisations: consumer organisations educate consumers about their rights, provide protection and can pressurise business firms to avoid malpractices and exploitation.(v) Government: the Government protects consumers by enacting legislation (the most important being the Consumer Protection Act, 2019) and through measures such as the toll-free National Consumer Helpline (1800-11-4000) and the Central Consumer Protection Authority.
4. Explain the redressal mechanism available to consumers under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019
ANSWERFor the redressal of consumer grievances, the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 provides for a three-tier enforcement machinery at the District, State and National levels. As per the Consumer Protection Rules, 2021, their pecuniary jurisdictions are:
Commission
Pecuniary jurisdiction (value of consideration)
Appeal & period
District Commission
Does not exceed ₹50 lakh
Appeal to State Commission within 45 days of the order
State Commission
Exceeds ₹50 lakh but does not exceed ₹2 crore
Appeal to National Commission within 30 days of the order
National Commission
Exceeds ₹2 crore (territorial jurisdiction over the whole country)
Appeal to the Supreme Court of India within 30 days of the order
ANSWER (contd.)District Commission: entertains complaints up to ₹50 lakh. At the first or any later hearing, if elements of settlement exist, it may direct the parties to consent to mediation within five days; on written consent it refers the matter for mediation, and on failure proceeds with the complaint. For a defect in goods, it may obtain, seal and send a sample for analysis to the appropriate authority.State Commission: established by the respective state government and ordinarily functions at the state capital; it entertains complaints above ₹50 lakh and up to ₹2 crore.National Commission: has territorial jurisdiction over the whole country and entertains complaints above ₹2 crore.Every order of a District, State or National Commission becomes final if no appeal is made by any party within the prescribed period. The Act also provides for the Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) to regulate violations of consumer rights, unfair trade practices and misleading advertisements.
5. Explain the role of consumer organisations and NGOs in protecting and promoting consumer’s interest.
ANSWERIn India, several consumer organisations and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have been set up for the protection and promotion of consumers’ interests. NGOs are non-profit organisations that promote the welfare of people, have their own constitution and are free from government interference. They perform the following functions:(i) Educating the general public about consumer rights by organising training programmes, seminars and workshops;(ii) Publishing periodicals and other publications to spread knowledge about consumer problems, legal reporting and reliefs available;(iii) Carrying out comparative testing of consumer products in accredited laboratories and publishing the test results for the benefit of consumers;(iv) Encouraging consumers to strongly protest and take action against unscrupulous, exploitative and unfair trade practices;(v) Providing legal assistance to consumers by way of aid, legal advice, etc., in seeking legal remedy;(vi) Filing complaints in appropriate consumer courts on behalf of consumers;(vii) Taking initiative in filing cases in consumer courts in the interest of the general public (not for any individual). The Consumer Unity and Trust Society (CUTS), Jaipur, is one such well-known organisation.
6. Mrs. Mathur sent a jacket to a laundry shop in January 2018. The jacket was purchased at a price of ₹4,500. She had previously sent the jacket for dry cleaning with Shine Dry Cleaners and the jacket was cleaned well. However, she noticed that her jacket had white discoloration marks when she collected the jacket this time. On informing the dry cleaner, Mrs. Mathur received a letter confirming that discolouration indeed appeared after the jacket was dry cleaned. She contacted the dry cleaner multiple times and requested for compensation for discoloured jacket but to no avail. Upon Consumer court’s intervention, Shine Dry Cleaners agreed to compensate Rs. 2,500 to Mrs. Mathur for the discoloured jacket.
(a) Which right was exercised by Mrs. Mathur at the first instance.(b) Name and explain the right which helped Mrs. Mathur to avail the compensation.(c) State which consumer responsibility has been fulfilled by Mrs. Mathur in the above case.(d) State any other two responsibilities to be assumed by the consumers.
ANSWER(a) At the first instance, when Mrs. Mathur informed the dry cleaner about the discolouration and was heard (and received a letter), she exercised the Right to be Heard — the right to file a complaint and to be heard in case of dissatisfaction with a service.(b) Right to Seek Redressal: this is the right that helped Mrs. Mathur obtain compensation. It gives a consumer the right to get relief against an unfair trade practice or deficiency in service when a product or service falls short of expectations. The relief may include removal of the defect, replacement of the product, or compensation for loss or injury — here, the consumer court secured ₹2,500 as compensation for the discoloured jacket.(c) Mrs. Mathur fulfilled the responsibility to file a complaint in an appropriate consumer forum for a shortcoming in the service availed (and not to fail to take action even when the amount involved is small).(d) Two other consumer responsibilities are: (i) buy only standardised goods that carry quality marks such as ISI, FPO or Hallmark; and (ii) always ask for a cash memo on the purchase of goods or services, as it serves as proof of purchase.
Extra Practice Questions
Short Answer Type Questions
Q1. Distinguish between caveat emptor and caveat venditor.
ANSWERCaveat emptor means “let the buyer beware” — the earlier seller-market approach in which the buyer alone was responsible for checking goods. Caveat venditor means “let the seller beware” — the modern consumer-market approach in which the seller is responsible for the goods and services supplied. The shift reflects how consumer protection has strengthened the consumer’s position.
Q2. Differentiate between a ‘defect’ and a ‘deficiency’ under the Consumer Protection Act.
ANSWERA defect is any fault, imperfection or shortcoming in the quality, nature or manner of performance in relation to goods or a product. A deficiency is any fault, imperfection or shortcoming — including negligence or withholding of relevant information — in the quality, nature or manner of performance in relation to a service. In short, defect relates to goods and deficiency relates to services.
Q3. What is the Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA)?
ANSWERThe CCPA is a central authority set up under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 to regulate matters relating to the violation of consumer rights, unfair trade practices, and false or misleading advertisements that are prejudicial to the interests of consumers. It empowers consumers and protects their interests at the national level.
Q4. List any four quality certification marks and the products they apply to.
ANSWER(i) ISI mark (Bureau of Indian Standards) — electrical and industrial goods; (ii) Agmark — agricultural products; (iii) FPO mark (Food Process Order) — processed food products; (iv) Hallmark — gold and silver jewellery. The Eco-mark is also used for environment-friendly products.
Q5. What is meant by ‘product liability’?
ANSWERProduct liability is the responsibility of a product manufacturer or seller (of any product or service) to compensate a consumer for any harm caused by a defective product manufactured or sold, or by a deficiency in the service provided. It is a key feature introduced/strengthened under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019.
Long Answer Type Questions
Q1. Explain the importance of consumer protection from the point of view of consumers.
ANSWERFrom the consumers’ point of view, consumer protection is important because: (i) Consumer Ignorance — consumers are widely ignorant of their rights and the reliefs available, so they need to be educated to achieve consumer awareness; (ii) Unorganised Consumers — consumers in India are scattered and need to be organised into consumer organisations that can protect and promote their interests; and (iii) Widespread Exploitation of Consumers — consumers are often exploited through unfair and restrictive trade practices such as defective and unsafe products, adulteration, false and misleading advertising, hoarding and black-marketing, and therefore need protection against such malpractices of sellers.
Q2. Discuss the main features of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019.
ANSWERThe Consumer Protection Act, 2019 replaced the 1986 Act to widen its scope. Its main features are: (i) it seeks to protect and promote consumers’ interests through speedy and inexpensive redressal of grievances; (ii) it extends to the whole of India and applies to all businesses — manufacturers and traders, suppliers of goods or services, including e-commerce firms; (iii) it confers six rights on consumers to empower and protect them; (iv) it sets up the Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) to regulate violations of consumer rights, unfair trade practices and misleading advertisements; (v) it provides a three-tier redressal machinery (District, State and National Commissions) with revised pecuniary jurisdictions; (vi) it introduces the concept of product liability; and (vii) it provides for mediation as a means of settling disputes. Together these widen consumer rights in the digital age.
Q3. Explain the reliefs available to a consumer under the Consumer Protection Act.
ANSWERWhere a District, State or National Commission is satisfied about a defect in goods, deficiency in service, an unfair trade practice or a claim under product liability, it may order: (i) to remove the defect in the goods or deficiency in the service; (ii) to replace the defective product with a new, defect-free one; (iii) to refund the price paid for the product or the charges paid for the service; (iv) to pay reasonable compensation for any loss or injury suffered due to the negligence of the opposite party; (v) to pay punitive damages in appropriate circumstances; (vi) to discontinue the unfair/restrictive trade practice and not repeat it; (vii) not to offer hazardous goods for sale; (viii) to withdraw hazardous goods from sale; (ix) to cease manufacture of hazardous goods and desist from offering hazardous services; and (x) to compensate for any loss or injury under product-liability action. Every such order becomes final if no appeal is made within the prescribed period.
MCQs & Assertion–Reason
1. The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 replaced which earlier Act?
(a) The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (b) The Sale of Goods Act, 1930 (c) The Competition Act, 2002 (d) The Essential Commodities Act, 1955
2. The principle “let the buyer beware” is known as:
5. Setting up a consumer grievance cell by a business firm relates to the:
(a) Right to Safety (b) Right to be Informed (c) Right to be Heard (d) Right to Choose
6. An appeal against an order of the State Commission lies with the National Commission within:
(a) 30 days (b) 45 days (c) 60 days (d) 90 days
7. The central authority set up under the Act to regulate misleading advertisements is the:
(a) CCPA (b) FSSAI (c) BIS (d) FICCI
8. Which of the following is NOT a consumer under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019?
(a) A person buying goods for personal use (b) A person availing a service for consideration (c) A person buying goods for resale or commercial purpose (d) A beneficiary using goods with the buyer’s approval
9. The toll-free National Consumer Helpline number for consumer awareness is:
For each Assertion–Reason question, choose: (A) Both true and the Reason correctly explains the Assertion; (B) Both true but the Reason is not the correct explanation; (C) Assertion true, Reason false; (D) Assertion false, Reason true.
A-R 1. Assertion: A person who buys goods for resale is not treated as a consumer under the Act.
Reason: The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 excludes goods or services obtained for resale or commercial purpose from its scope.
A-R 2. Assertion: The Right to be Informed enables a consumer to make a wise purchase decision.
Reason: It requires manufacturers to provide complete information on the package and label of the product.
A-R 3. Assertion: Consumer protection is in the long-term interest of business.
Reason: Satisfied customers lead to repeat sales and provide good feedback that widens the customer base.
A-R 4. Assertion: A consumer can appeal against an order of the National Commission to the State Commission.
Reason: The National Commission has territorial jurisdiction over the whole country.
A-R 5. Assertion: The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 applies to e-commerce firms.
Reason: The Act applies to all types of businesses supplying goods or services, including online transactions.
Answer key: 1-(A), 2-(A), 3-(A), 4-(D), 5-(A).
Exam Tips & Common Mistakes
How to score full marks in this chapter
Memorise the six consumer rights in order and pair each with its matching responsibility — case-study questions almost always ask you to name a right and the related responsibility. Learn the three-tier redressal machinery with exact figures: District up to ₹50 lakh (appeal in 45 days), State above ₹50 lakh to ₹2 crore (appeal in 30 days), National above ₹2 crore (appeal to Supreme Court in 30 days). Remember the ways and means (self-regulation, business associations, consumer awareness, consumer organisations, Government) and the certification marks (ISI, Agmark, FPO, Hallmark, Eco-mark). For case studies, always identify the right/responsibility first, then explain it.
Common mistakes to avoid
Confusing the pecuniary jurisdictions or the appeal periods of the three Commissions.
Mixing up defect (goods) with deficiency (service).
Writing that a person buying goods for resale/commercial purpose is a consumer — such a person is excluded.
Confusing the Right to be Heard (filing a complaint) with the Right to Seek Redressal (getting relief/compensation).
Stating the wrong certification mark — Agmark is for agricultural products, not ISI.
Forgetting that the 2019 Act replaced the 1986 Act and added the CCPA, product liability and mediation.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is Chapter 11 of Class 12 Business Studies about?
Chapter 11, Consumer Protection, explains why consumer protection is important for consumers and business, the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, the six consumer rights and responsibilities, the ways and means of consumer protection, the three-tier redressal machinery (District, State and National Commissions), the reliefs available, and the role of consumer organisations and NGOs.
What are the six consumer rights under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019?
The six rights are: Right to Safety, Right to be Informed, Right to be Assured (Right to Choose), Right to be Heard, Right to Seek Redressal, and Right to Consumer Education. Each right empowers the consumer and is matched by a corresponding consumer responsibility.
What are the pecuniary jurisdictions of the three consumer Commissions?
The District Commission entertains complaints up to ₹50 lakh, the State Commission above ₹50 lakh and up to ₹2 crore, and the National Commission above ₹2 crore. Appeals go from District to State (45 days), State to National (30 days), and National to the Supreme Court (30 days).
