NCERT Solutions for Class 12 – All Subjects (2026–27)
Free, chapter-wise NCERT Solutions for Class 12, written by subject experts for the 2026–27 session. Class 12 is the board-exam year of the senior-secondary stage — choose a subject below to open its complete chapter list with step-by-step, exam-ready answers. The official textbook PDFs are free on ncert.nic.in.
Book: Physics • 14 chapters
Complete solutions to the Class 12 Physics textbook — electrostatics, current electricity, magnetism, electromagnetic induction, optics, modern physics and semiconductor electronics, with derivations and numericals.
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- Electric Charges and Fields
- Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
- Current Electricity
- Moving Charges and Magnetism
- Magnetism and Matter
- Electromagnetic Induction
- Alternating Current
- Electromagnetic Waves
- Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
- Wave Optics
- Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
- Atoms
- Nuclei
- Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
Book: Chemistry • 10 chapters
Chapter-wise solutions to the Class 12 Chemistry textbook — solutions, electrochemistry, kinetics, coordination compounds and organic chemistry (haloalkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, amines, biomolecules), with clear mechanisms and solved problems.
Book: Mathematics • 13 chapters
Step-by-step solutions to every example and exercise of the Class 12 Maths textbook — relations and functions, matrices and determinants, calculus, vectors, 3D geometry, linear programming and probability.
Book: Biology • 13 chapters
Complete solutions to the Class 12 Biology textbook — reproduction, genetics and evolution, biology in human welfare, biotechnology and ecology, with diagrams and exam-ready answers.
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- Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
- Human Reproduction
- Reproductive Health
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- Evolution
- Human Health and Disease
- Microbes in Human Welfare
- Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Biotechnology and its Applications
- Organisms and Populations
- Ecosystem
- Biodiversity and Conservation
Books: Flamingo & Vistas • Core English
Solutions for the Class 12 Core English course — the main reader Flamingo (prose & poems) and the supplementary reader Vistas, with summaries, textbook answers, extra questions and exam tips.
Stream: Commerce • 10 chapters
Complete solutions to the Class 12 Accountancy course — partnership accounts, company accounts (share capital and debentures), financial statements and analysis, accounting ratios and cash flow statement, with full working notes.
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- Accounting for Partnership: Basic Concepts
- Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm: Admission of a Partner
- Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm: Retirement/Death of a Partner
- Dissolution of Partnership Firm
- Accounting for Share Capital
- Issue and Redemption of Debentures
- Financial Statements of a Company
- Analysis of Financial Statements
- Accounting Ratios
- Cash Flow Statement
Stream: Commerce • 11 chapters
Chapter-wise solutions to the Class 12 Business Studies textbook — principles and functions of management (planning, organising, staffing, directing, controlling), business environment, financial and marketing management and consumer protection.
Stream: Commerce • 2 books
Solutions for both Class 12 Economics books — Introductory Microeconomics (consumer behaviour, market forms) and Introductory Macroeconomics (national income, money and banking, government budget), with diagrams and numericals.
Stream: Humanities • 12 chapters
Complete solutions to the Class 12 History textbook (Themes in Indian History) — from the Harappan civilisation through kingship, bhakti-sufi traditions, Vijayanagara and the Mughals to colonialism, 1857 and the making of the Constitution.
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- Bricks, Beads and Bones
- Kings, Farmers and Towns
- Kinship, Caste and Class
- Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings
- Through the Eyes of Travellers
- Bhakti-Sufi Traditions
- An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara
- Peasants, Zamindars and the State
- Colonialism and the Countryside
- Rebels and the Raj
- Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement
- Framing the Constitution
Stream: Humanities • 2 books
Solutions for both Class 12 Political Science books — Contemporary World Politics (cold war, globalisation, international organisations) and Politics in India Since Independence, with structured, exam-ready answers.
Stream: Humanities • 2 books
Solutions for both Class 12 Geography books — Fundamentals of Human Geography (population, settlements, economic activities) and India – People and Economy, with map work and exam-ready answers.
Stream: Humanities • 7 chapters
Chapter-wise solutions to the Class 12 Psychology textbook — psychological attributes, self and personality, life challenges, psychological disorders and therapies, attitude and social cognition, and social influence.
Stream: Humanities • 2 books
Solutions for both Class 12 Sociology books — Indian Society (demographic structure, social institutions, diversity) and Social Change and Development in India, with clear, exam-ready answers.
FAQs — Class 12 NCERT Solutions (2026–27)
Which Class 12 subjects are available now?
All 13 Class 12 subjects are live. Science & Maths: Physics (14 chapters), Chemistry (10 chapters), Mathematics (13 chapters), Biology (13 chapters) and Core English (Flamingo and Vistas). Commerce: Accountancy, Business Studies and Economics. Humanities: History, Political Science, Geography, Psychology and Sociology.
Which English books are followed in Class 12?
Class 12 Core English uses two NCERT books: the main reader Flamingo (prose chapters and poems) and the supplementary reader Vistas. We provide chapter-wise summaries and answers for both.
Are these solutions free and exam-ready?
Yes. All Class 12 solutions are free and written in the step-by-step, exam-ready format teachers expect, covering every textbook exercise. Use them alongside the official textbooks from ncert.nic.in.
Browse other classes on the main NCERT Solutions hub, or open the Class 12 Physics solutions.